We must understand the layout and design

 In the design layout problems easily classified Activity in Red China Forum members made the post, found on the layout we have the same problem,
I suggest that you may have a look, the following posts:

on the


CorelDRAW in a newspaper layout design [transfer]


the most important graphic design principles


visual aesthetic design - Golden and Jiugongge


nice if the text layout, the design will still be very beautiful





superb layout design



I believe that we design to help .....< br>
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`` I was pregnant with my father your child ( b)

 I have a new girlfriend, and I generally large. She has no news, we re less contact. I gradually forgot her girlfriend well, we are together, I was quiet, not so tired, she was so understanding, I began to have confidence in the work to pick up only occasionally think, there was a girl call me daddy.


had met her once in a bar, holding my hand out to his girlfriend when she and a group of men and women frolic with the owner came in, she did not see me, but I noticed her hair long.

day a few months later, My girlfriend and I are ready for bed, she called and it is raining outside, she stood in front of my house, and said too late, can not return to quarters, asked who came girlfriend, I said I know a little sister, she was stunned, but soon the sweet call, a good wife. I gave her another room to the bedroom to sleep.

middle of the night unable to sleep, go to the bathroom on the toilet, a door almost in panic, she was wearing jeans and sitting on the toilet in a daze, I asked what she was doing, she just looked at me, Dad.

to our edgy crowd in another room, the room we are each other's clothes off each other, kissed each beast, I suddenly thought of condoms in my bedroom with his girlfriend, she said it does not matter, come.

dark I hugged her and asked her if she is okay, and she said yes.

returned to the bedroom, his girlfriend got up and smoking in bed, I asked her what most of the night smoking cigarettes, and she lightly looked at me and said I in the calculation of the time, a cigarette for five minutes, I want to see you on the toilet how long. Then Yi Zizi Road, let her go.

early the next morning, she had disappeared, left a note that the wife, I'm sorry, Dad is a good man. Women laugh a cry to see me, what a mess? Took a cell phone went off to work.

see her again and then a few months later, also in a bar, I find it very strange how I occasionally go to bars, how each met her, she actually is the bar DANCING QUEEN, she is not asked me whether I had the Tiantiandexiao, Dad, I filial bar girl, and I out of the bar, back to find her standing in the doorway, wearing a little cute, far in the lower abdomen with the palm of your hand, drew a circle.

This action makes me puzzled for a long time, at home, with the key into the lock twist of the moment, a sudden drop of whole body cold sweat was oozing from every pore.

night does not matter, she said, come.

I dialed her cell phone, no one answered, I dial, pick up, I gave phone call, you do not so headstrong! Suddenly the phone was somehow my girlfriend asked, you say?

afford to think I am a man, yes, this is planned, she come to my house, and I **, and I call her phone, she watched phone does not pick the first pass, then I dial the first two times quickly when the number transferred to my girlfriend on the phone.
She does not act so
wrinkled brow, me the creeps.

we're together, she had said, and I was born to a child, called her mother, let him fall in love with his mother, she called my father, we are incest family. I think she was very cute.

fact, I do not know her draw a circle in the stomach what is not mean, I do not sure whether she was really pregnant, but I began to understand that she never thought that my child, and she know me, From the beginning she understood me, and she can make me an action wits, I always thought she was very naive.

Originally, I was wrong from the beginning, and now I do not know how to run.

really scary.

sometimes like to pretend to go to solve any problem, in the end stretched, I think I should take the initiative to confess lenient.

my surprise, my girlfriend and I did not know that night,

also know what my father meant.

she sneered to look at me, I try to have the courage to face her.

tried to make her the courage to face my future with his girlfriend.

Unfortunately, there is no future the.

Tips

 Rules you surprised tips:
1. Eat spicy things, I feel we should be hot die, go out into the mouth and put a pinch of salt, containing about, spit, rinse under the mouth, not spicy;
2. Teeth yellow, can be After the peanut in your mouth and chew and brush your teeth for three minutes, very effective;
3. If a small area of ​​skin damage or burns, burns, cast a little toothpaste, can immediately stop the bleeding pain;
4. often cup of the tea leaves inside ugly tea stains, wash with toothpaste, very clean;
5. eyedrops upward slightly when the mouth, so that chaos will not blink an eye;
6. mouth ulcers, use of vitamin C attached to the ulcer, and so it basically is like a melting ulcer;
7. the eyes into the small dust, close your eyes and cough hard a few, the dust will have their own out;
8 . washing face, stick a finger in the nose on both sides of some fine salt and gently massage, then rinse with water and then, blackheads and acne will be cleaned, the pores become too small;
9. just mosquito bites finished, coated with soap will not itch;
10. If the throat, inflammation of the gums, and at night watermelon cut into small pieces, dipped in salt to eat, remember that it must be night, when the symptoms will be reduced, the first Just two days the;
11. hair dryer blowing against the label, such as blowing hot glue marks to the labels can easily peel off;
12. Travel with clothes from the fold if the fear of pressure, clothes can be rolled into each volume;
13. drink vinegar when playing hiccup, immediate impact;
14. eating smelly things, such as garlic, tofu, and eat a few peanuts m just fine;
15. to treat coughs, particularly a dry cough at night before going to sleep, fried eggs, pure fragrant sesame oil put slightly more, do not put any seasonings are, eaten while still hot to go to sleep, even effect of eating a few days it is clear;
16. wrists MM want to take a long thick bracelet smaller, you can not hard-band, should put a plastic bag on the handle and then put on bracelets, very good band, it will not handle hurting, remove is the same way;
17. chestnuts difficult to peel the skin, first shell off, and then put it in the microwave it'll work out a rub while hot, skin on the lost;
18. flowers when a drop of detergent in the water, can be maintained for several days;
19. the walnuts into the steaming pot for ten minutes, then broke down out on the cold water, you can remove the complete Peach kernel of;
20. the shrimp into the bowl, add a little salt, food base powder, rub with the clutch soaked with water after a while, then rinse with water and then, that makes clear, such as shrimp Stir crystal, cool and tender and delicious;
21. Pork, the meat first ten minutes with baking soda and water soaked, drained of water, then flavor, it will be very tender and fried;
22. will be immersed in tea residue A few days later the water, pouring in plant roots, can promote plant growth;
23. the residue dried tea, put the toilet or drain in the burning smoke, eliminate odor, get rid of mosquitoes, flies with the function;
24 . cooked rice re-heating method: used chopsticks in the rice pot holes through some bar and sprinkle a little rice wine heavy stew,
25. if only the surface of half-cooked, as long as the surface of stew and then you can turn to the middle;
26. Qiao greasy than screens: the clothes, the rest of the cigarette smoke on the water together, to be dissolved, and brought clean the windows, window screens, the effect is really good;
27. just put in the jewelry box on a small piece of chalk, you can make jewelry to keep you shiny;
28. the table, the bottle of adhesive surface traces of the wind spirits to wipe;
29. go out at any time in the bag with a small The batteries, if the skirt with a static, put the positive terminal in the skirt can be removed above the rub a few static;
30. regardless of where to wear shoes to your feet, you place the foot in the shoe wear painted a little white wine, to ensure that the feet do not wear;
31. Heng transfer vegetables, if you have to be boiled, boiled dishes make the best use of the water. Such as making dumplings in the dish, boiled water can be a good amount of meat on the inside, so not only to ensure that nutritious, but also make delicious soup dumplings stuffing;
32. Summer feet sweat easily, salt water foot bath every day can cope with sweaty feet;
33. summer sun after swimming may prevent skin disorders and other diseases;
34. summer damp mildew prone pillows, pillow exposure often beneficial to health;
35. Eat Beans Congee and other small wet barley and spleen, can be heatstroke wet;
36. anti-insomnia: too much before going to bed less about words, avoid drinking tea, before going to bed not Dayong brain, and feet in hot water and vinegar;
37. honeysuckle any evacuation rheumatic efficacy, honeysuckle and honey cool water to cook the juice can be prepared and hot weather;
38. eating fatty foods in the tea can stimulate the autonomic nervous system, promote fat metabolism;
39. lack of sleep will make you stupid, need to sleep eight hours a day, with naps can delay aging;
40. hands easily become dry and rough hands with vinegar and soak for ten minutes to skin care; < br> 41. summer clean mat, with the dropping of the water toilet water clean mat, can maintain a fresh, clean mat. Of course, wipe down the mat when the best lines were, in order to penetrate into the toilet water lines mat gap, so cool and comfortable feel will be more durable;
42. Breakfast, eat tomatoes, citric acid and other acidic vegetables and fruits, good for Liver;
43. chill antipruritic shampoo or bath, add five or six drops in water, toilet water, can play a very good cool sterilization, removal of prickly heat antipruritic effect;
44. grapes sleep aid hormones, eat it help you to sleep;
45. summer drink tomato soup can get nourishment, but also to add water, tomato soup should be burned and cooled before drinking, contains some anti Lycopene and prostate cancer the efficacy of myocardial protection, the most suitable man; eat acid can damage tooth brushing immediately Health;
46. because of injury misfortune to scratch the skin, in the wound coated with toothpaste to inflammation, bleeding, and then dressing as a temporary emergency drug to drug toothpaste is most significant;
47. to spray white vinegar on the menu board, put half an hour after washing, not only bactericidal, but also in addition to taste;
48. yoghurt can be hangover after the irritability, yogurt can protect gastric mucosa, slow alcohol absorption, and calcium-rich drink to alleviate irritability are particularly effective;
49. shoes, put a long foreskin mold, use a soft cloth dipped in alcohol and water (1:1) solution, wipe;
50. headache, dizziness when applying toothpaste in the temple, because toothpaste contains menthol, clove oil can be pain;
51. candles round the clock frozen, then into the birthday cake, lit candles will not shed oil;
52. yellowing white clothes washed easily, it is desirable pot of water, dripping on the two or three drops of blue ink, the washed clothes soaked in the moment minutes, do not wring dry, to put the sun, you can clean and white;
53. excessive oral consumption of raw onion and garlic will stimulate the stomach, adverse health, the best add a little vinegar and then eat;
54. timely replenishment of water but should not drink fruit juice, cola, Sprite, soft drinks and other beverages containing more saccharin and electrolytes, drink will stimulate gastrointestinal adverse affect digestion and appetite. So the summer should drink boiled water or light salt (sugar) water;
55. Friction face every morning a few minutes with tofu for a month, face will become very moist;
56. Indoor air temperature should not exceed five degrees, even if the weather is hot again, and it is not air-conditioned room temperature to 24 degrees below;
57. plus enzyme detergent agent on the warm water takes a long time to break down the laundry better;
58. summer , people's time, longer, sweating, excessive energy consumption, should be more appropriate to eat chicken, duck, lean meat, fish, eggs and other nutritious food to meet the body's metabolic needs;
59. Headache mashed apples when applied to the gauze on the ground, attached to the headache at the symptoms ease;
60. purses are stained, you can wipe with cotton dipped in essential balm.
. Try ah .

Lifetime habit to develop 50

 Good habits to develop this, you will manage the success of life towards the other side of the boat! 50 should cultivate good habits 1, I believe you not because of some things difficult to do, we lose self-confidence; but because we have lost confidence, some things just seem difficult to achieve. 2, prior to action to set goals if you do not know where were going you would not get any shock success. 3, do more than others, no one is born with talent. The road to success, besides hard work, is no short cut, in every successful man who can see the good habit of hard work. 4, do not give thought to fasten the bridle way of our success is not something we do not know, but we know things. 5, do not waste every penny if you develop the habit of thrift, that means you have the ability to control their own desires, which means you are beginning to dominate you, means you are training some of the most important personal quality, that self-reliance, independence, and the clever wit and creativity. In other words, it means you have to pursue, you will be an accomplished person. 6, cherish every minute of wasted time is the biggest mistake in life is also the most destructive forces. Contains a large number of opportunities to them in bits and pieces of time. Waste of time is often the beginning of despair, is killed by a happy life ... ... tomorrow's happiness to live in his time today. 7, another point of view the French sculptor Rodin said: . But to find it, lies in ourselves. 8, do not be afraid of making mistakes There is no foolproof way to success, the total dynamic with a lot of randomness in life, the elements are often unpredictable and elusive. So, to be successful are not afraid to have to have the courage to not make mistakes. In an uncertain environment, risk-taking is the most scarce resources. 9, independent of their own sweat drips used to eat their meals, do their own dry, by the people rely on is dependent on fathers, not a hero. 10, control their emotions and learn to manage their emotions, will manage the other. 11, honest and integrity of others is a natural law, just as inviolable as the law of gravity, the laws of honesty is inviolable. Contrary result is punished, not to escape punishment, perhaps they can escape temporarily, but ultimately could not escape justice. 12, keep your promise to keep its promise not only to conduct themselves in society is a noble quality, and sentiment, it is a manifestation of human respect, respect yourself. 13, the correct attitude toward the world, there is no pressure no pressure environment. Requirements of life, no pressure, like fantasy in the absence of friction, like not walking on the ground, the key is how to deal with stress. 14, not satisfied with the status quo the only limit is your mind in your own set up for that limitation. 15, the courage to admit mistakes if I approach a thing does not work, then I believe I will learn many things yet, so I need to resort to others, or the subsequent development it will tell me how to solve. In any case, I first have to admit their mistakes, and then to find the answer. 16-day five-minute self-examination that is called 17 million people do not give up easily fail, fail in the work is not complete; tend to do worse from the success of a step, they do not do the termination. 18, adept at using other people's power 19, loneliness is no doubt that each of a young heart beating toward the hope of glory, but glory is not a dream come true, it relies on hard work, some lonely and arduous toil. 20, the courage to say 21, smiled an experience of failure is only failure, but by no means life. 22, forging a brave heart is the indomitable spirit of courage is the courage to believe they can do. 23, have good cooperation in a single person's power is limited, only working with people, take people long to make up our own weaknesses, to mutual benefit, both sides benefit from it. 24 Learn a few things every day the biggest weakness is that many people want instant success in the great achievements, which is obviously impossible. Everything is gradual, and only perseverance, and only learn a little something every day, can help a person finally achieve success. 25, act now the whole affair secret of success is, we have formed the good habit of immediate action, it will stand in the forefront of the times; while others have been procrastinating habit is, until the era beyond them, and they were flung back went. 26, cherish the happiness you have is the water bowl in your hands at this time. 27, do not aim high attention to detail, great things, the spirit is certainly commendable, but only down to earth from the trivial, from the start bit, thought carefully, pay attention to grasp the details needed to do great things to develop the kind of rigorous and thoughtful style. 28, Do not put limits many people in the growth process, as being outsiders (including family) a lot of criticism, attack and frustration, so the enthusiasm to make progress is the courage to try again, so that the tremendous potential of the body for life sleeping. 29, Institute of rest certainly not do nothing, rest is repair. 30, with people rowing across the river to help your brother now! Look, you do not also cross the river? ! 31, to find in people who always have their own strengths, but each is short, only good at discovering the advantages of others, can really make it for my own use. 32, the habit of praise if everyone's desire to reveal the heart, that desire is: praised by others. 33, and give them a chance to speak when God made man, why only give people a mouth, it gives the two ears? That is to say less and listen more we. 34, the habit of smiling at an appropriate time, the right circumstances, a simple smile can create wonders a simple smile can make things stalled suddenly. 35, note the appearance of success instruments always attract people's attention, in particular, look more attractive to successful people's 36, good at playing the role of the language people speak, and there would be welcome. Good at playing the role of language helps to establish good relationships, your career, love and marriage are of great help. 37, grateful life we ​​learn to be grateful, grateful to the motherland has given us peace, grateful parents gave us life, gave us to help others appreciate ... ... life really be grateful for many things. Huaikang a grateful heart, to feel the happiness of life. 38, not looking for any excuse to be an excuse for the wonderful things that itself does not have the slightest use. Many of life's failures, it is because we excuse those who have been anesthetized. 39, does not fall into the swamp worry, But people must not indulge in the quagmire of anxiety unable to extricate themselves, and should adjust their mentality and emotions as soon as possible and take positive action to change lives has been changed. 40, Do not worry about small people living in the world, only a few decades, but wasted a lot of time, within a year to worry about some of the little things will be forgotten. 41, forgive the fault of others, no water to clean fish, were no Christians to the police. 42, not too conceited one person is like a score, he can be like the actual molecule, which is like his own valuation of the denominator, the denominator is larger, the fraction is smaller. 43, focus on the work of dedicated work, not only to the boss good show, more importantly, focus on work is a mission, a professional should have the professional ethics. 44, punctuality punctuality is the greatest courtesy. 45, at any time leave room for others to leave room for regret Liu Yudi, in fact, leave room for all to yourself. 46, should not hinder the chatter of all the family love happiness and destruction factors, chatter is the result of. 47, the use of 48, take the initiative to take the initiative to communicate with your boss and boss, the one hand, your boss will promote understanding, on the other hand will make your boss feel respect for him, when the opportunity arises, the natural first thought is superior to you. 49, do not talk about privacy to understand other people's privacy is a dangerous thing, let alone to talk, spread. 50, to respect the opinions of others in New York's Taylor Crowe lumber company salesman. He admitted: Over the years, he always bitterly accused those who blow the wrong timber inspectors, though won the debate, but this is nowhere. Because those inspectors and.

I was Hulunbeier league places !

 Western Hills Park cut off the tree, thirteenth in the Pirates had the tomb , this life -line to do Wandering Road , Hulunbeier league children is cool.
overtaken the city of Wenzhou field, two had prostitution Thistle in prostitution , the Great Wall of miles long, the children Hulunbeier league is strong.
zone in the lower harbor , train station hanging off color, Castle Peak colors do not change the end , children are pulled Hulunbeier league .
Yimin river bathed, which surpass run sports school , Moment of Romance is also the old days , children are Diao Hulunbeier league .
Hulun bridge played robbery, call the gate Biao of blood, sperm emotional soul as hard as iron, children Hulunbeier league is strong .
roof practiced Wu Tang , celebrity disco dance off Hey , world heroes are buried , children Hulunbeier league is the tiger. Friendship Shopping flow
Khan, Tianjiao hotel meal , also bow shoot geese , children Hulunbeier league is like .
Bell blowing the top of the wind, in front of Union House Shuajiu Feng , mountains view this is peak times , children Hulunbeier league is fierce.
slept inside the police station , reported the bureau had ** to , worked with a general drive Tiger Balm , Hulunbeier league is to take the children .
Genghis Khan crossed the sun sing in smoked powder, not the cold blood of generations to come home and country , children are hard Hulunbeier league.

Infineon confirmed that the chip will provide Microsoft Xbox360 console

 Net , Calif. on Monday , Infineon managers confirmed that they will be Microsoft's upcoming Xbox360 game console to provide high-density , low cost of memory. The chip maker will offer removable DRAM chips, as well as Wireless controller provides integrated single-chip and advanced security chip .
Xbox360 game consoles in November of this year listed . Infineon and Microsoft 's agreements did not disclose financial terms . Infineon manager said , Xbox360 video game Will be able to get enough broadband and wireless capabilities , consumers can access to family entertainment content through it . RobertLeFort president of Infineon North America , said , Xbox360 has a lot of powerful features. expected Xbox360 will install a lot of memory chips , processing treatment from IBMPowerPC Sends the data .
game will install a 20GB hard drive and a 500MHz ATI graphics chip provide and support high-definition games . According to the information previously disclosed , Xbox360 will install the 512MB graphics DRAM, 700MHz DDR controller and the strengthening of the dynamic Type of DRAM chips. Infineon will also partner to Microsoft Xbox360 , FlextronicsInternational, Wistron and Celestica memory chip companies .

Social gaming explosion

 This is a developer-led revolution, or a few social networking platform game pile of chips?
business is growing rapidly. Xu Qing where four blue flood, is the leading Internet infrastructure services CDN (Content Delivery Network) company, its business growth or a recession, the Internet can be judged a barometer of market growth or decline.
The server hosting the business started this year, and now customers have more than 20. Some of our customers hosted on our servers here, only a few early, but the fast pace of development, a few months to reach dozens of consecutive double. ; blue flood the company's senior advisor Feng Guangkun SNS said open platform, not just the number of servers to flood the business contact with the blue number of companies is also increasing.
flood the rapid development of the business of the blue, is a social game (Social Game) CDN developers and server hosting, and China is the number of social games regardless of product or the number of developers, are experiencing explosive growth. ; industry believes that this statement is no exaggeration.
concern is the inclusion number of users in the social networking site Facebook has begun to earnings inflation and the news. more than the U.S. investigation agencies the data show that several of the most popular third-party site social game developers already own profits ahead of Facebook , and the annual income level of the scale reached 100 million U.S. dollars.
then, there have been capital into these social news of game developers. can be sure of a few are: Nov. 9, well-known game developer Electronic Arts ( Electronic Arts, or EA) announced a cash cost of 275 million acquisition of the British game developer Playfishmm the social game developers on Facebook comprehensive ranking second; November 17, for Facebook developers top game Zynga, once again attracting more than 1,500 million U.S. dollars investment into, and the company with a total investment of $ 54,000,000, to the alleged $ 250,000,000 in annual revenues (2009 estimate). do the same, in respect of next year a listing of the social game developers.
in the domestic, social gaming market hot in the industry and rumors, also is becoming a Farm yuan; set up more than 3 years, was released in November last year, the game farm ; poke do not have the extra meaning, when a user point of view, it is more like the foundation of all social games you have a virtual prototype mm items (including your own), who is interested in you make some changes to this item; When you feel after this change , but also against the past to make changes to his articles.
that the interaction between users is often persistent. becomes Many people are very familiar such as open platform, complete the information interaction between the user play, by a third party application providers to create. As the Battle, interaction is spread in any game, and stick the most important reason for the user.
explosive growth of social game in China, in addition to incentives outside the capital, the relatively low market entry threshold is one of the main. as little as three or four people to more than ten come, technology, art, planning, can make molded products, the investment may require only several hundred thousand dollars. Originally broadcast media is an advertising company, as optimistic about the social gaming market, beginning of the year, including the sea with a Min 5 people, including their own team, R & D on the line called a that is to reach 5 million active users. At present, it has 280 million registered online for all users, 60 million active users on revenue, and ranked the top ten active degrees.
Although some of the more distant future, social game certainly will become the social platform for an important part of business model, and promising, can stand in the moment, such as the birth of the game developers have mushroomed, first of all to survive, and probably the survival packed badly beaten.
to enter the threshold range, and still have a chance to face the future.

Chinese path with more than 20 million people, be possible to achieve break even level. Although the same as the the emergence of a large number of social gaming, user migration threshold is very low today, any game on the slightest mistake in charging mode, there may be rapid loss of users, to the last 竹篮打水一场空. Yu Min, also admitted that although swineherd This is more obvious, such as all network and social game, much like the current mobile operators and the SP of the relationship. money to achieve, all net of cash and then get into the game developers to follow the example, the ratio r l forty-six. mm of soil to survive social platform development in China of uncertainty. compared to 300 million users to carry a single large, open and clear rules of Facebook, a social platform in China during the war, the most profitable Tencent QQ,, and Budui open to outside developers and everyone network platforms such an opening, yet to see the profitability of 强有力 cases, already been more and more Shequyouxi packed Toupoxueliu.
In China, social game the development of uncertainty because the underlying soil, and became more complex. In addition to social networking sites, many other types of Internet companies with huge user access traffic, try to flow into their own social gaming platform to build and use it to complete itself from the transformation products to the community platform.
sharp increase in social gaming, so that Baidu, the odd tiger 360, Storm video has been full of choices, they will be a good game to bring the community into their communities, and then guide the user ; presence the viscosity of the game itself can only rely on the user to complete these sites.
All net, happy network, Sing roaming, to Baidu, Sina and other traffic can be carried out into the platform, the game spread a single community of users. , in the face are completely different people, the money did not earn, operation and maintenance costs had increased. separates the user's social game platform in the game does not have the strength and the circumstances, can only help enhance the platform platform user viscosity and interactive. Although China is sitting on a huge base of users, but for now it seems, only one social gaming platform, put up sporadic and low-bian of the user pyramid. and the social gaming platform as a bargaining chip, launched a operation capacity of the fight.
increased viscosity, income, entertainment, social networking, three advantages of making social networking platform social gaming has become an inseparable part. start from Facebook, social networking platforms open so that it can attract a large number of third-party game developers into the community, and together with the platform, the people from line to line with each other to promote the development of relationship building.
Despite fierce competition in China, small voice , user data scattered, or even push upstream.
everyone is online, less than 2 years, the number of social games has accumulated more than 100 models, the user stickiness and revenue began to show improvement. And Comsenz also is using its Community Games Roaming the store mode platform, rapidly expanding its SNS structure the new platform, open field. are several valuable platform for those who can gain first mover advantage. ;, but the increase in social game developers to quickly evolved into an increase in social games, social gaming market as a whole will tear open more space.
In the interview, almost all of the industry on the future of social gaming , are optimistic, even if they judge the developer to enter too fast, more and more deaths. competition and the Game of upstream and downstream industry chain have. In operation, two in development, two in the planning, has truly established itself, and that day, in a year or two will be forthcoming.

European Space Policy and European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), relations (2)

 Security implications of the European space program is for the European Galileo project
and military satellites and navigation systems for civil options, which the United States and Russia to develop and control. By the European Space Agency and the European Commission in Brussels by Galileo Joint mission to provide capital and management, the system planned by the formation of a constellation of 30 satellites. Galileo will offer five kinds of services:
mm open service, similar to the standard civil GPS signal;
mm business services to provide additional information such as the enhanced positioning accuracy.
mm safety services, including the integrity of the signal, it is essential that all applications, understand (with confidence) the integrity of the application navigation system is very important.
mm of public management, specialized applications for government control of encryption services;
mm search and rescue services, through sea, air and ground relay 406Mhz distress beacon distress signal.
mm Galileo strategic system is designed to provide users with greater accuracy, coverage (95% of the world's cities and villages, GPS system currently covers only 50% of the world), it also received from international funding partners. These partners expect from their benefit a wide range of services open and encrypted mm mm for business services, police, air traffic control, navigation and search and rescue.
after 5 years of painful debate, the United States ultimately did not oppose the Galileo program. the United States the main reasons for the objection is not only worried about Galileo's ability to provide the same business but it could provide the information is not under the control of the U.S. military, which is not the same GPS program. In June 2004 the dispute is resolved (at least now), the two sides reached a Galileo project coordination agreement with the GPS, Galileo signal stability than the original plan of the low. tendency of many industry a possible option is to develop GPS3 / Galileo slightly two terminals, location-based services to take advantage of the joint availability, accuracy and enhance the integrity of the.
Galileo project is now nearing completion. in-orbit validation phase started in December 5, 2005, from Kazakhstan Stan's Bai Nuer SOYUZ rocket launch site launched with its first demonstration satellite (GIOVE-A), and signed the contract in January 2006 began the construction of the first four operational satellites. The satellite is scheduled for launch in 2008, will fully demonstrate the system architecture. However, there are many obstacles to be overcome. In addition to the U.S. and its NATO representative of the issues raised, the Galileo project as key players in several European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) between the right system of industrial and political benefits, including the location of surface facilities, activities and data sharing issues be delayed dispute. In addition, the United Kingdom and the United States remains concerned that it would endanger the 57.16 KB)
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Galileo system in orbit GLOVE-A series of satellite imaginary map. (Photo: European Space Agency ESA)
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its first Galileo demonstration satellite GLOVE-A, December 28, 2005 carrying the SOYUZ rocket ready for launch. (Photo: European Space Agency ESA)
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2006 年 1 19, the European Space Agency and Galileo Industries signed a 9.5 billion euros of 4 Galileo satellite navigation system development and construction contracts. Image: European Space Agency ESA)
this respect in the industry, Galileo by Galileo Industries is responsible for, which is by EADS (EADS) Astrium GmbH. (Germany), EADS Astrium Ltd (UK), Alenia Alcatel Space (France / Italy) mm Stiles Corporation is now a part of), Galileo Sistermas Servicios (Spain) and Stiles (France), co- composition of the joint venture. Although Galileo is a civilian system, the current plan is still under the control of civil institutions, but it has important security implications, an important civil and military significance. Therefore, the Galileo and GMES ( Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) with pushing the boundaries between civilian and civilian, the direction of development is represented by an important country in Europe want.
European military communications satellite capacity
SKYNET 4 UK 5 satellites, UHFX band, Paradigm took over operations in 2004 the military / security operations
SKYNET 5 Paradigm Communications, Inc. 2 satellite, UHF, SHF X-band, EHF military communications / private funding, 2006 / 7 Italy 1
SICRAL launch satellites, S-band, UHF, SHF X-band, EHF military / operational
SYRACUSE 3, France 1 satellite, SHF X-band, SHF, EHF military / operational
SYRACUSE 2, France 1 satellite, SHFX band military / operator < br> SPAINSAT Spain 1 satellite, SHF X-band, Ka-band military
2005 / 6 launch
XTAR-EUR United States / Spain 1 satellite, SHF X-band military
2005 launch
SATCOMBw Stufe 2 Germany 2 satellites, UHF, SHF X-band, C-band, Ku band or Ka-band military
2008 NATO launched two
NATO 4 satellites, UHF, SHF X-band, military / operator < br> NATO SATCOM Post2000 NATO UHF, SHF X-band, EHF
UHF, SHF X-band providers: France, Italy, Britain
EHF service providers; pending military
UHF, SHF X-band 2005 In year of operation
EHF2008 operating
HELLAS SAT Greece Ku-band commercial / operator
ARTEMIS satellite European Space Agency 1, S-band and Ka-band, optical data relay, navigation and L-band mobile operators
SeSAT EUTELSAT satellite company 2, Ku-band commercial / operator
e-bird EUTELSAT satellite companies a, Ku-band commercial / operator
W-Series EUTELSAT satellite company 6, Ku-band commercial / operator < br> HOTBIRD EUTELSAT Company 6 satellites, Ku-band and part of the Ka-band commercial / operator
EUROBIRD EUTELSAT Company 2 stars, Ku-band commercial / operator
ATLANTICBIRD EUTELSAT company 3 satellites, Ku-band and part of the C-band business / Operations
ASTRA SES Global company 36 stars, C-, Ku and C / Ku-band hybrid satellite commercial / operator
1-2,1-3,1-4 10 Inmarsat satellite mobile communications , C-and L-band commercial / operator
GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program
GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) concept was originally just wanted to monitor environmental change, has now been expanded to include secure content specific Therefore, the common external and security policy in the ESDP under the protection of its contribution. GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) to all the European Earth Observation related activities together, and more efficient use of European assets to form system set to support conflict prevention and crisis management, and help the verification of international arms control and the implementation of environmental agreements.
GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) of the space part of the concept of relying on five space missions or European Space Agency Member States, EUMETSAT (EUMETSAT), Canada and other third parties to access additional tasks. It will accelerate the implementation of first satellite (GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) -1) for rapid deployment, the C-band InSAR mission (sentinel-1 satellite) and LANDsat satellite data to provide uninterrupted. sentinel -4 and 5 satellite will be located in geosynchronous orbit and low Earth orbit, the main chemical used in climate monitoring tasks.
The system consists of GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) Advisory Board and the GMES ( Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) project office administration, is currently in the early stages of development, will use existing national and multinational satellite and increased by the European Space Agency and the EU co-financing the construction of the new satellite. GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security ) the need to strengthen data collection and ground management system, which again raised the need for Europe to develop appropriate policies to address the data and potential European partners outside Europe to obtain the data between users, sharing and distribution issues forward.
European satellite Center
2002 年 1 月 Toledo, Spain, the EU established a special permanent satellite data center EU under the decision-making, particularly with regard to European security and defense policy,. small European countries, her main task is commonly used to monitor the interests of the European region, including maritime surveillance, support for arms control, non-proliferation agreements and verification, environmental monitoring and security support, the EU and NATO-wide police and military exercise. Specifically, the three key Petersberg tasks: humanitarian and rescue, peacekeeping and combat forces in crisis management support, including peacekeeping operations.
States-led space program
France
France's current annual military budget is 17 million euros (of which 6,85 million euros allocated to the European Space Agency), France for the cost of the space program than any other country in Europe and more, these costs primarily through the French National Space Centre (CNES ) to complete, which was founded in 1961, in the development of French and European space industry plays a very big role. National Space Centre, based in Paris, Toulouse, Avery and Kourou in French Guiana has three divisions, a total of 2,400 employees, French Guiana Space Center launch site in Europe. France in addition to participation in the Galileo and GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, or the European Space Agency Ariane and Vega rockets (VEGA) emission plans and ARGOS and COSPAS-SARSET environmental monitoring and synthetic aperture radar surveillance system's main actors, and participate in a series of space exploration and scientific research projects.
with many different European countries, the French have a special budget for military space program. the French Defense Ministry plans for the period 2005-2010 to 3.6 billion euros into the space program. France's most important military application of space program is the HELIOS (monitoring and detection of optical imaging systems), Syracuse communication systems, Graves radar system, which have the ability to make the French Defense Ministry plans separate target detection and tracking of space.
HELIOS IA and IB and 99 were launched in 1995, EADS-ASTIUM is the satellite prime contractor. a new generation of HELIOS II will ensure continuous service while providing some important features, including enhanced resolution, infrared capability (night observation) to expand the imaging capabilities, while several models, image transmission time shortened. In addition to day and night intelligence capabilities (visual and infrared capabilities), HELIOS II system will also be used to target objectives, guidance, mission planning and battle damage verification. HELIOS IIA satellite in December 2004 has moved from French Guiana Kourou launch site, HELIOS IIB plans to launch the end of 2008 Nianxia. Belgium and Spain shares the HELIOS II program, France and Germany and Italy signed a bilateral agreement on exchange of information.
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France has two communication satellites in SYRACUSE 3 run (Photo: DGA)
Syracuse satellite system consists of A Virginia space company Alcatel construction, the French Ministry of Defense control, the system will be the French dual-use civilian and military communication network linking the United Kingdom is expected to be SicralI SKYNET and Italy provide support for NATO integration. Syracuse IA2005 launched in October, in August 2006 Syracuse IIB launch.
France is the only EU member states special electronic intelligence program countries, consisting of 4 small satellites ESSAIM network. ESSAIM launched in December 2004, the company built by the EADS-ASTRIUM initial budget of $ 80,000,000. now there are plans to make the cost double in 2008, expanded to three electronic intelligence satellites.
France The SPIRALE missile warning system is in early stages of development, the two satellites scheduled for launch in 2008 my grandmother. Although for early warning of the potential of these satellites, including missile defense in the future within the system, though the little public information. France is also develop a new generation of PLEIADES binary optical dual (military and civilian) systems, PLEIADES system is designed to continue to serve in France in 1986, the vanguard of SPOT system, now only SPOT2, 4 and 5 are still running, the system is considered to be France Italy ORFEO (optical United Earth observation and radar) system was part of plans to launch between 2008-2010. PLEIADES satellites are built by the EADS-ASTRIUM companies, several innovative technologies, including new measurement tools, fast data transfer rates and quick guidance and control system. Although the system is to ensure the rapid and detailed mapping of urban environments and provide a broad coverage of the Earth for police and civilian security applications - for example, but the system is designed to military priority PLEIADES data.
France has nuclear missiles and launch resources, with important military space programs, including missile warning, tracking and target capacity it is not surprising. At the same time, it supports negotiations to prevent the weaponization of space, a strategic plan emphasizes cooperation and peace, security and purpose of European autonomy free access to space. France believes that the European national space will remain the center of the French space policy.

Germany within the framework of Germany in Europe to consider its space policy in Europe and beyond with the characteristics of cooperation . It is a total space budget of 7,5 billion euros, of which two-thirds of the European Space Agency plans to invest. Space activities are mainly through the DLR (German Aerospace Control Center) to coordinate, which has 5,000 employees, estimated to amount to 4,5 billion euros. DLR has 30 research institutes, located in eight places, the most important near Munich to the number of OBERPFAFFENHOFEN.
major German military reconnaissance plan is SAR-LUPE, a constellation of satellites by the few. This project development and its experience in the relevant NATO action in Kosovo, especially when connection sharing and protection with the U.S. non-US allied security-related information when the satellite encountered great difficulties. These experiences made in Germany believe that they need their own space-based intelligence-gathering assets.
SAR-LUPE system plan is composed of five satellites X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite constellation, the distribution of the three polar orbit from the Earth about 500 km altitude.'s first satellite in December 2006 successfully put into orbit, the constellation deployment is expected to complete in 2008. with the French government requested a bilateral agreement signed between the SAR-LUPE HELIOS data to exchange data. The program is an important industrial contractor OHB Systems. < br> 8.jpg (133.81 KB)
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first a German SAR-LUPE Satellite December 19, 2006 was put into orbit (Image: OHB Systems)
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SATCOM Bw will become a specialist of the German military communications satellite (Photo: German Ministry of Defense)
Germany's first dedicated military Satellite communication systems-SATCOM Bw under construction, planned for launch in 2008-09. It's business scope covers IT voice, fax, data and video networks for the German army to provide both fixed and mobile data transfer between terminals the communication links, such as ships, vehicles and aircraft. SATCOM Bw Phase 2 contract awarded in July 2006 a military satellite services company, which is the EADS Space Services (74.9%) and ND Satellite Communications Company (25.1%) of the between the joint venture. contract period of 10 years, the joint venture will orbit two satellites and ground stations transmission, and is responsible for their use and exploration.
part of Germany also participated in two public - private Earth observation dual-use system, are called TERRASAR-X (EADS-ASTRIUM company), a X-band synthetic aperture radar imaging system, scheduled for launch in February 2007, and optical micro-satellite constellation, and the purpose of drawing the image of agriculture. application of scientific research institutions in Germany to run a pilot tracking and imaging radar to early warning, detection and tracking of missiles and satellites in orbit.
addition to the security of specialized and dual-use and defense applications, German policy has identified seven objectives of the space program: telecommunications, navigation, Earth observation, space exploration, microgravity research, space station, space transportation and space technology.
Italy Italy is the space development
Early participants in the project, the Italian Space Agency established in 1988 attributable to the Italian Ministry of Higher Education and Research. In its Rome headquarters, its size than the space agency of Germany and France to be small. It Matala (ASI-CGS space observation center) and TRAPANI (hot air balloon launch climate observing the MILO base), which is located in southern Italy. Italian Space Agency has a small base of research and tracking of BROGLIO mm in KENYA MALINDI Space Center.
ASI 2005, the total budget of about 7 million euros, of which 50% were put to the European Space Agency's space program. the rest for the country and a number of European and bilateral and multinational programs, Italy HELIOSII occupies 14% of the shares, also involved in the Galileo strategic plans and GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, and it is the major shareholder of VEGA program (65%).
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Italy SICRAL 1 communications satellite, operating since 2001 is the first European since a very high frequency (EHF) satellite broadcast channels (Photo: Internet)
ASI own main program is COSMO-SKYMED (for Mediterranean basin Observation The small satellite constellation) and SICRAL1 defense, intelligence of military communications satellites, and provide support for NATO forces. COSMO-SKYMED, observed by the four SAR satellite constellation, beginning in 2007, launched the project which is part of Italy and France PRFEO .
COSMO-SKYMED is a low-orbit Earth observation dual-use satellite systems, the operating wavelength X, by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) management, but by the Italian Ministry of Defense jointly funded research. Although it is the first and the first of system covering the Mediterranean region, but the overall ASI COSMO-SKYMED goal is to provide a global Earth observation to meet the needs of military and civil groups (institutions, commercial). COSMO-SKYMED defense and security applications in the contribution plan includes surveillance, intelligence, mapping , damage assessment, vulnerability assessment, and target detection / location.
SICRAL1 2001 launch, is Italy's first dedicated military communications satellite, by the then SITAB Industry Group production, the group includes ALENIASPAZIO, FIATAVIO and TELESPAZIO company. The design life of 10 years, it downloads the data transmitted to the Italian military operation of fixed and mobile terminals, to provide management with the flexibility and low running costs and adapt to changing conditions, the ability, in particular emergency situation.
as Europe's first UHF broadcast channels, SICRAL1 also has a section of UHF and VHF, with the U.S. and other European satellite system to achieve interoperability.
subsequent SICRAL1B second half of 2006 custom satellite by A Virginia Alcatel Airlines order, the contract price of 1,03 million U.S. dollars, plans to launch the end of 2007, which supplement the existing SICRAL 1, will expand the coverage of the Italian armed forces in particular, the demand for overseas deployment. In addition, according to 2004, France, Italy and the UK Ministry of Defense and the Memorandum signed between NATO, SICRAL 1B NATO forces will also provide UHF / SHF satellite facilities. SYRACUSE of the system and the French and British NATO SKYNET system is selected upon to develop a network of protected telecommunications available to allied mm NATO SATCOM program POST 2000, or NSP2K, SICRAL-1B will run until 2019, then replaced by the SICRAL-2, from 2011 to 2016.
Spain
Spain since the 1970s has been actively involved in space program, since 1983, the Spanish administration, through the Industrial Technology Development Center in its activities in the ESA. It's industrial and commercial activities to coordinate through the PROESPACIO, the company provides a range of services, including the operation of satellite systems, ground tracking facilities and the engineering design and components of space systems and their ground facilities. Spanish participation in the Galileo, GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) and ARIANE, VEGA, and re-use program launcher .
Militarily, Spain, France HELIOS I and II satellites detect a partner with the United States has a dual-use XTAR-EUR communications satellite., the satellite launched in February 2005, providing coverage to the Middle East from Brazil as well as parts of Africa and Asia, a broad range of commercial and military service, it SPAINSAT (XTAR-LANT) satellite with the Spanish Ministry of Defense and the Pentagon to provide data and allied governments to provide services to many of the X-band.
UK < br> UK space industry is relatively large and diverse 2004-2005's output reached 4.5 billion pounds (67 billion euros). civil space activities, mainly through the British National Space Centre to coordinate. the public sector cost of about 2 billion pounds major in astronomy, planetary exploration and observation. UK or the European Space Agency ESA's important partners, including Galileo, GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, and was heavily involved in space-based navigation and telecommunications and defense-related activities . by the British National Space Centre, the UK satellite platform, load and run, test equipment and software, components and test sites, remote sensing, antennas and signal simulator, digital processing, radio frequency technology and system validation to obtain the technology and other areas expertise.
Although mainly wants to invest in national plans to the British scientific, commercial and other user groups to bring the benefits of international programs, but about 70% of space cost the British Government to the European direct investment plan, through the European Space Agency and the EUMETSAT (EUMENSAT). Britain and other countries also signed bilateral agreements (including the United States, Russia and Japan).
UK has also invested a lot of space for military applications, most of Europe and the United States and other partners . TOPSATmm Earth observation satellites mm mm known as the Technology Demonstrator has many military applications, in October 2005 from the launch site in northern Russia PLESETSK. It comes with security and civilian remote sensing applications, including disaster relief, environmental monitoring, crop management and land use and border control. She also UK Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Trade and Industry funded a consortium of four institutions and organizations responsible for the management, led the QRINETIQ, SURREY satellite technology is the low-cost high-performance small satellites and a pioneer in commercial available technologies company developing the platform, satellite integration and remote command and control system, RUTHERFORD applications lab has developed a high-performance cameras, INFOTERRA TOPSAT data products company is developing the market.
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TerraSAR-X satellite for Earth observation dual-use system, equipped with X-band synthetic aperture radar imaging (Photo: EADS)
TOPSAT is one of three satellite projects, which by the BNSC MOSAIC Small satellite plan sponsor. Although no decision-making reported, but future plans may include three or four TOPSAT satellite constellation, which provided at least once a day anywhere in the world of images, (according to weather conditions), open potential image of the possible, it is very cost-effective image submitted.
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UK TOPSAT demonstration satellite with military and security as well as civilian remote sensing applications, which include disaster relief, environmental monitoring, crop management and land use and border control. (Photo: QinetiQ)
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British SKYNET 4 scheme is PFI (private finance initiative) mode operation plan (Photo: UK Ministry of Defence)
Since 1988, the British Ministry of Defence to run a military communications system SKYNET4, it contains 3 and 4 X-band satellite channels Royal Air Force to send data to ground stations. As part of the SKYNET5 upgrade the system in 2003, the British Ministry of Defense has SKYNET4 satellites and ground facilities for sale to PARADIGM Safety Communications (EADS Space subsidiary of Taiwan), it is the financial part of the privatization contract, the contract value £ 2.5 billion (36 billion euros). PARADIGM deal will be sold to a third party company will service users, including government, although it must be approved by the British Ministry of Defence. EADS-ASTRIUM company responsible for production SKYNET 5 satellites and two ground control system to upgrade the UK.

When the financial crisis has become the norm

 When the financial crisis has become the norm
2009   05   22  Source: Shanghai Securities News on: Guan Qingyou
from prosperity to recession and depression, often accompanied by financial crisis and economic crisis. As the 19th century French economist Zhu Glasgow said, large are: Kitchin cycle (short cycle), Zhu Guerra cycle (the cycle), Kondratieff cycle (long cycle or long wave), Kuznets cycle (long cycle), Schumpeter cycle (innovation cycle) and so on. on the interpretation of the economic cycle can be divided into external and internal factors on the theory. external causes of that cycle from economic factors outside the system mm sunspots, war, revolution, election, gold, or the discovery of new resources, science breakthrough or technological innovation and so on. internal factors of that period economic system from the internal mm revenue, cost, investment under the market mechanism inevitable. Of course, the reasons for the economic cycle will result in a multiple, complex, making it difficult From one perspective to explain the economic cycle.
4.5, the amplitude of the quite regular; downward phase of an average of 6 to 9 months, the amplitude is limited. many similar decline and will not turn into a recession, only the economic growth cycle downturn. Zhu Glasgow cycle is typical of capital expenditure cycle, an average of 9 years, the frequency by the innovation, trade liberalization and other factors which have changed; typical recession will last 2 to 2.5 years, the amplitude may be larger. Kuznets cycle is a typical real estate cycle, the average 18 years, the frequency change in the trend and by the impact of interest rate structure; typical recession will last 3-3.5 years, a large amplitude. Generally speaking, began flourishing in the real estate after 15 to 16 years, the market failure of crazy dynamics serious excess supply over demand, inflation is also high, the central bank will raise interest rates to control the situation, the real estate market to a standstill, and then is collapsed. As a result, the debt crunch, banking crisis and economic crisis. experienced an economic cycle of about four an inventory cycle, the two capital expenditure cycle, and a real estate cycle.
may wish to this analogy to be a global financial crisis. If by Las. Tweed to say, to the time of full-blown crisis Push forward 18 years, would come to a terrible conclusion: the real estate cycle of 18 years or so the basic set up. because of the last century, the late eighties early nineties, the major Western powers a massive economic crisis, the stock market , In 1987 the property market bubble burst, due to the worsening economic outlook and the continuing Middle East tensions, the Wall Street crash, markets around the world have collapsed in the crisis be eased until 1992. while Japan experienced a bubble in stock and property markets burst, the slide of the During the oil crisis.
From this perspective, this is just the U.S. financial crisis erupted economic cycle transition from prosperity to recession, financial crises in history there is no much different. As early as two or three years ago, we financial crisis is expected, but did not think occurred in the United States, and the range is so large, the impact is so profound. China since reform and opening up the Western world has experienced the outbreak of large-scale test of the financial crisis has proven, if taken the right way, we can very well deal with the financial crisis hit us.
Kindleberger said that the core issue of the financial crisis is a speculative factor in whether the market is stable or unstable factors other words mm words, whether the market is always rational. The traditional cycle theory that financial factors will not materially affect the real economy, emphasizing the physical factors in the economic cycle, the role of generation and transmission. However, successive currency crises and the financial crisis has proved that operation of financial factors on the impact of the economic cycle is significant, history abound on the famous case. If the Dutch tulip bubble, the British South Sea Bubble, and we have experienced the Asian financial crisis and the current global financial crisis.
International the economic cycle, monetary system and the frequency of the financial crisis has a decisive role. in order to decouple the dollar and gold in 1971 as the boundary, before that, due to the implementation of the gold standard or gold mm Dollar Standard, the world economy with gold as a standard credit system or constrained by the gold, the financial crisis is much smaller than the frequency of occurrence after 1971.
1971, the world economy lost credit system constraints, the proliferation of paper money standard become the norm under the U.S. dollar, changes in U.S. monetary policy can easily lead to or exacerbate the crisis. For example, the U.S. rate hike cycle, which, due to large amounts of capital from non-US markets to the U.S., it is easy to some of the emerging financial crisis in developing countries. coupled with the economic and financial globalization context, since both the financial crisis economic cycle conversion factors, but also factors in the financial system itself, to speed up the frequency of financial crises, but also accelerated the conversion of the economic cycle.
from the nature and duration of the crisis, if the speculative bubble caused by the simple crisis , the economy resumed a short time. If the speculative bubble caused by the financial system crisis, economic recovery will take several years. If the currency crisis, financial crisis and interwoven with the economic crisis, the economic recovery takes longer.
After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, financial crises become the norm, the U.S. dollar standard system under the reincarnation of the financial crisis is almost inevitable. Seventeen years to a major crisis, one in seven or eight years to the crisis, three to four years in a small crisis. This is like global climate change, humans can not curb the trend of climate change can only try to mitigate and adapt. The financial crisis is also why we can not prevent its occurrence, can only try to prepare for the crisis comes, reduce losses and to adapt to life in times of crisis.

Monkey was killed trying to walk upright

 Monkey was killed trying to walk upright on the reform of the difficulty of
, Lu Xun had had two such vivid metaphor: First, stand up to the monkey, the other monkeys will be killed in , though not killed, but also almost bleeding profusely out.
this Weisheng more done? the original, he wanted in that place called Ping Nanba directly change the secretary of the mayor, the results actually suffered a double regulations a class of doom?
You see, the mayor of direct elections in this town, it seems that at present China's national conditions, the head of a town to the town into an even but why the mayor wants to into the hands of the public, with the Spring Festival Evening buzzwords saying: Why?
The reason is simple, rallied together to follow suit, is terrible.
Let us see how news reports said:
secretary of Chongqing, an attempt to Secretary of Town Committee directly elected mayor was removed from
Weisheng more: for the reform to have a say
; has been promoting political reform in towns in Chongqing experiment, after removal, and But from some of my personal political ambitions far. direct answer. county, the city's intervention was forced to stop. to promote the principal leaders of the reform experiment, when he was party secretary Wei Sheng Ping Nanba more dismissal and the representation. Today, Weisheng more acts still in the running for the year, the complainant, were sent to the village's reform program: the generation of the implementation of the town party secretary of three votes, first party primaries,
then elected official candidate by a referendum, followed by direct suffrage by all party members party secretary; mayor elected by universal suffrage; deputy mayor of the mayor and the department heads by the Cabinet; party permanent system established by the members from the incumbent party in each election to serve as the branch; formed to discuss major issues within the party town of deliberative bodies; NPC Permanent Representative of the People's Congress by the villagers directly from the current one for each constituency elections, the convening of a regular meeting every two months to oversee the whole process of government financial budget and final accounts, you can also vote of no confidence against the Government and other towns.
promote The main leaders of this practice is directly Ping Nanba party secretary, when he was 34, Weisheng more.
; now the local party committees, governments, and the relationship between the NPC is not clear that all things are the final say party, party secretary final say; but if a problem, are borne by the government, and local party committees can not be held to. ;
solve the problem, but also direct election as party secretary. . time to Chongqing, a leading inspection, he put forward at the meeting the idea, but was accompanied by a leader to the county, then interrupted;
Another time he was down on the county inspection made by a leader, but county leaders said: best not to do so, if elected as mayor of a farmer how to do?
Weisheng to answer, said: This will not do that our current mayor, and the new mayor to lead the well-off people out of poverty. After more than Weisheng feel their consideration, may be of interest, may be reluctant to get into trouble, more likely to be no political opportunity. , not to the county trouble .2008 January, Weisheng recalled his more naive at the time: other people are satisfied with elected leaders and reported up the town, please support the higher-ups approved.
has been suggested This reform should be placed when the next change of government in town, which can avoid people do things for all cadres in earnest work to the people rule set a l r, namely the establishment of a comprehensive long-term mechanism to expand grassroots democracy, the power back to the people, rather than the interests of the masses then , rural development lies in the honest and upright official on one. : to reduce the burden on peasants 50 yuan from 120 yuan, the masses began to accept me. implementation? January 2008 recalled.
One reason is the restrictions candidacy: the age of secretary and mayor candidates must be between 25 to 40 years old, and have a college degree. This limits the age and education, in addition to town party committee and government workers, or town secondary school teachers, the vast majority of grassroots cadres in rural areas or people are not eligible.
Weisheng to say: leadership positions after the competition will bring inconvenience. the town in the NPC election, candidates for deputy mayor superior delineation of no more than half of voting twice, deputies Yong-Hua Zhou was elected vice mayor. But after a month, week by their superiors dismissed on the grounds that unsuccessful candidate for vice mayor and then be appointed to be deputy secretary of Hsiang-tang, or floor Nanba one of the leaders. pingba almost destroyed the incident on However, the position of party secretary has been no registration, Weisheng to say: Hall at Ping Nanba morning the Government held a and willing to participate in this meeting all the voters, actually more than 200 officers to the meeting, the meeting presided over by the Town People's Congress Chairman Liu Tingwen. the simple phrase, Liu Jieshao the first multi-candidate Weisheng. Weisheng express more of the town party secretary of the campaign speech, even though he was the only candidate.
then graduated from the Southwest Petroleum Institute, a computer professional Mamao Lin, from the institutional innovation, technological innovation, improving the living environment of traffic, reduce the burden on peasants and other aspects of the his policy agenda, and stressed that improving the relationship between cadres, committed to sub-village grassroots points 20 days per month.
the beginning, Ma Maolin said he just came out Electoral votes are village officials instead of the villagers, each holding dozens of cadres votes, in this case I did not win. tickets are not allowed to vote on behalf of family members outside; candidates can send its own election observers to polling stations on-site observations, the candidates can be organized campaign, to the countryside to campaign. the real campaign site.
Ma Maolin's campaign seemed to give a third candidate, the pressure caused when Renzhen Zhang He Yunming, we are not seriously at first The day before, it was suggested He Yunming also engaged in electioneering activities, He said: , said he has He Yunming, farmers In 1995 he came from a silkworm technician positions by deputies by his own hard work said: activities, coupled with his own ever had that experience, he started a little sit still. then suggested that if He Yunming of Weisheng reform experiment more and more support, such as his secretary of registration campaign, the outcome of the election may pingba different. He Yunming was once asked how to do if unsuccessful, he did not answer. In campaign speeches at the meeting, representatives of many voters to actively stand up to the name of all the candidates put forward their concerns.
8 月27, two days away from the vote, Ma Maolin village early in the morning we rushed to the light, door to door visits to voters. the town is also composed of 10 high school running back-up mission to the village, factory town for his rally. Some villagers recalled: Our motivation is two candidates running for mayor mobilized, we are beginning to talk the mayor who did better. Several of the county town government cadres suddenly came pingba .10 minutes later, the town party secretary said Lin Yi-mode: The direct election of township leaders consolidated political system does not report to the county; in general, when the general is not to undermine the , must be stopped immediately. while Ma Maolin town received a formal notice, said, been waiting a long time to eat the county were put on a jeep and headed to the county .11 points more than the county deputy secretary of Weisheng read a county's decision: Given that he committed a serious political error, now turn away from the party secretary of the office floor Nanba imposed on him were speculation and debate .8 30 May, a Standing Committee of the County Commission for Discipline Inspection, was appointed party secretary Ping Nanba.
8 月 since 29, Weisheng County Commission for Discipline Inspection was held in more than one office, and later transferred to the county Government Guest House, a TV room, moved out, not to read the newspaper every day, stay with 24-hour shifts six or seven. County deputy secretary told him: ;
2008 年 1 month, Weisheng more recalls the situation: factor is the people's interests should be above all. After two laps replied: care about those, my wife said I was a workaholic. If you really what happened, I feel sorry for them. can take the initiative to recognize their errors, for the masses, to the future of our country to do. own behavior and the party has not contrary to the spirit of the meeting, but such a request has not been met. I hope they transferred Weisheng to learn, but they did not give. husband committed political mistakes, because I know him. there is no need to put a man away. fixed the problem, county, municipal leaders did not dare to come out to support you. Search Weisheng more deposits. ;
leaders in other parts of any town, or to the floor Nanba Chairmen Ren, Wei Sheng and more has been insisting not reimburse travel expenses, telephone charges, with all the money is his own wage costs, and did so because: is a state-level poor counties, the town's funds is difficult, I think if everyone can spend a little less, you can save a lot of money to do other things. about seven or eight hundred dollars salary, and his wife work in the Inland Revenue, the income higher than he, his wife said: pay money home, and now our family spent money than ever before. He related to people, come to the opposite conclusion. a municipal working group's leadership was on the port city of some cadres, the county, said: Maybe I could like some other cadres, like get some money through a variety of ways, and then sent to the above, let yourself sit stable point, and even rise higher and higher. unwilling to do so, but not without a chance to do, I also have many business friends, especially guarding so many natural resources. 2 million people in the town of 2,000 people also go out to work because of poverty, so I am very sad. ;
Weisheng much hope that the farmers be able to ping the burden of Nanba zero, then give him a solid foundation and confidence that he will come forward to the successful negotiation of several investment companies pingba. Longquan one of the cement plant in Chongqing, plans to invest 25 million pingba built a cement factory, the labor can be solved more than 1,000 jobs; The other is the county's Star Mining Company, had planned to go to Xi'an Investment, have been more impressed Weisheng decided to change to pingba to invest.
I even like you said decent secretary on the free-free, how do we dare to invest in Chengkou County. samples, and there is no result. I am very touched, because care, many people understand me, but they dare not, there is no opportunity to speak out. 10 days, the leadership of the Working Group of the Chongqing Municipal with Weisheng had a conversation more than they think, Weisheng more honest and upright man, if not this is an excellent reserve cadres at the county level. They affirmed Weisheng more heart masses, abandon the desire to reform the ego is good, but the prescription is wrong.
say this is good for him. later fate of the different: Ma Maolin in 2006 was transferred to the County Board of Education; He Yunming National People's Congress a few months later he was named director of Ping Nanba, and later was transferred to the village chief, but rebuilding has left Lan; Liuting Wen is then idle, and soon to retire pension.
Conclusion
Ping Nanba privately back to the correct understanding of their mistakes and so on. Then I found that these requirements have been spread all Chengkou County all the cadres and the masses of Ping Nanba. These requirements are too unreasonable, if it is a clear right and wrong, what is necessary to conceal it? a letter asking him to go back to when the secretary of thousands of people have signed
the name. Weisheng invite more people get word immediately, do not do this. then one day soon, Weisheng really could not help but secretly returned to more pingba,
see their houses and searched by the working group desk is a mess after, I heard that the working group to investigate all of his savings, he said: br> residents of a floor Nanba, said: The judge was wrong, and soon the county Commission for Discipline Inspection off a car, asked to leave immediately Weisheng more.
2004 年 4 months, Weisheng much and was is the push for reform that he and his final conclusion is given.
then Weisheng was transferred to the county more than any of the Poverty Alleviation Office of ordinary cadres, are arranged to engage the first research project, and then to the training center, and then be arranged engage in policy research hh shot that East West had shot more than two years, during 2004, the County Poverty Alleviation Office, arranged for him twice to the field for training, they are nothing but stuck by the county.
also in the April 2004 Weisheng more to be consistent with the party's congress, the consistent trend of social development told me that if the county was the reform of the pingba as a pilot, and now in the country are first-rate, tiptop's. , a deputy secretary, said after reading the above reports, the Red River and pingba election reform is not the same.
2006 年 5 months, respectively in charge of Chengkou County Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Organization's work together to find Weisheng, deputy secretary of the two counties more conversation, said the county you want to I wear many hats political l r, I think this conversation is not necessary, I am not the kind of people who will compromise official position. office.
people in protected areas can do many things. to do all day long with their own mediocrity in poverty alleviation, not as protected areas to really do something. March, the city population more than the county suddenly transferred to County below to Weisheng deputy director of supply and marketing cooperatives, the main task is to build a new distribution network in rural services. Weisheng the county more than this to find the leadership, leadership that a big mobilization of the reasons for the heap, and said, Weisheng to say, pingba inspections of the county leaders, l why we support the people you have to oppose? r that: the original pingba reform is right, just before the county did not receive the consent, approval. Weisheng many think: City Commission for Discipline Inspection is now the answer with the original decision was inconsistent punishment. The staff also said: Is that responded to For the already handling things, they are now very difficult position.
Weisheng to say: I feel wronged; but I will not give up the normal channels reflect the situation, because I was superior, the Central has been a trusted, I believe they will eventually give me an objective and fair response. A real opportunity to choose their enthusiastic work for the people, really do something for the community. (This article Source: South Wind of: Yin Hongwei)